The study examined three theories and a model that focus on self disclosure and development of. The johari window model a simple and useful tool for understanding and training selfawareness, personal development, improving communications, interpersonal relationships, group. The overarching principles for group leader selfdisclosure are similar to those for disclosure in individual therapy. A selfdisclosure should be in the form of a detailed letter sent, along with any supporting documentation, to the current director, office of foreign assets control, us department of the treasury, 1500 pennsylvania ave. Everallb afaculty of education, university of ottawa, 145 jeanjacques lussier, ottawa, ontario. In littlejohn sw, foss ka, editors, encyclopedia of communication theory. Anonymity, intimacy and selfdisclosure in social media. However, rogers 1959 added that for a person to grow, they need an environment that provides them with genuineness openness and self disclosure, acceptance being seen with unconditional positive regard, and empathy being listened to and understood. Although the efa gives an idea of dimensionality, cfa, as the name implies, essentially focuses on whether a hypothesized factor model does or does not fit the data. However, rogers 1959 added that for a person to grow, they need an environment that provides them with genuineness openness and selfdisclosure, acceptance being seen with unconditional positive regard, and empathy being listened to and understood. Therapist selfdisclosure and the therapeutic relationship. Mcdonald, in international encyclopedia of education third edition, 2010. Social penetration theory explains how self disclosure takes place between individuals. Self disclosure is considered a key aspect of developing closeness and intimacy with others, including friends, romantic partners, and family members.
However, research that focuses on adolescents online selfdisclosure and selfpresentation is still scarce. Through selfdisclosure, two individuals get to know one another. Because selfdisclosure and selfpresentation are extremely important for adolescents social development, it is essential to investigate how online communication may affect adolescents selfdisclosure and selfpresentation. We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis cfa with four variables selfdisclosure, social attraction, predictability, and trust. This article considers what makes therapist selfdisclosure so challenging to define and study and provides an overview of the empirical and theoretical literature. Selfdisclosure is a mechanism through which one can marshal support from ones social network and can serve as a reward that results in increased relationship satisfaction. A model for self awareness, personal development, group development and understanding relationship. Meissners position on self disclosure, though seemingly conservative as it called for continued neutralityremnants of freuds perspective p. Social penetration theory also does not account for individual differences in disclosure preferences and behaviors, for example, introversionextro version.
First, a person has to make a self disclosure that is neither too general nor too intimate. Various forms of selfdisclosure, including talking with friends or relevant groups for social support 58 and con. While most therapists report that they do disclose some information about themselves to their clients, therapist self disclosure continues to be both controversial and nebulous in clinical theory, research, and practice. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Greene and others published selfdisclosure in personal relationships find, read and cite all the research you need. According to the socialpenetration theory, there are degrees of self disclosure in breadth and depth, ranging from relatively safe revealing your hobbies or musical preferences, to more personal topics illuminating fears, dreams for the future, or fantasies. Social penetration theory describes the integral role of self. The difference is that group members, at some point, will generally expect some disclosure from. First, a person has to make a selfdisclosure that is neither too general nor too intimate. Self disclosure is the act of revealing details about ourselves to others. Selfdisclosure is rewarding 54 and helps connectedness, a primary human need 49. This page was created by mallan group training and management, inc. Unlike many other theories of psychotherapy, feminist therapy theory has from its inception promulgated the idea that selfdisclosure by the therapist may be a valuable part of the therapy process greenspan, 1986. Selfdisclosure theory, research, and therapy valerian.
Therapist self disclosure and the therapeutic relationship. Also referred to as a disclosurefeedback model of self awareness, and an information processing tool. The overarching principles for group leader self disclosure are similar to those for disclosure in individual therapy. Self disclosure is a process of communication by which one person reveals information about themself to another. The information can be descriptive or evaluative, and can include thoughts, feelings, aspirations, goals, failures, successes, fears, and dreams, as well as ones likes, dislikes, and favorites.
The social penetration theory argues that selfdisclosure increases in breadth and depth as a relationship progresses, like peeling back the layers of an onion. Everallb afaculty of education, university of ottawa, 145 jeanjacques lussier, ottawa, ontario, k1n 6n5, canada. A model for selfawareness, personal development, group development and understanding relationship. A model for selfawareness, personal development, group. When we use the term self disclosure in this chapter, we do not refer only to verbal content, but also to nonverbal expressivity e. Second, the self disclosure must be received with empathy. Feminist therapy perspectives on selfdisclosure springerlink. Research conducted to date suggests that selfdisclosure can produce positive outcomes in personal relationships. Omarzu, 2000, which we extend to social media, arguing that. The findings conformed to equitable exchange theory, in that subjects were more willing to disclose to a high than a lowrevealing partner.
Social penetration theory posits that there are two dimensions to selfdisclosure. Second, the selfdisclosure must be received with empathy. There is widespread agreement that depth is a key dimension of selfdisclosure. The topics of disclosure range from superficial details to very. The nature of the decisions that a person makes will have an impact on his or her life. Selfdisclosure is a process of communication by which one person reveals information about. The theory also argues that people in a relationship balance needs that are sometimes in tension, which is a dialectic. According to the socialpenetration theory, there are degrees of selfdisclosure in breadth and depth, ranging from relatively safe revealing your hobbies or musical preferences, to more personal topics illuminating fears, dreams for the future, or fantasies. Carl rogers 19021987 was a humanistic psychologist who agreed with the main assumptions of abraham maslow. In recent years, social penetration theory has been the focus of many online studies,14,16,17,2427 and has been applied to, or adapted, in the context of online relationship studies, such as sexual selfdisclosure, online friendships, 14 and online social networks. Although the proposed theory allows for a more nuanced. Through the process of selfdisclosure, we disclose personal information and learn about others.
There are degrees of self disclosure, ranging from relatively safe revealing your hobbies or musical preferences, to more personal topics illuminating fears, dreams for the future, or fantasies. Social penetration theory theory that states we engage in a reciprocal process of selfdisclosure that changes in breadth and depth and affects how a relationship progresses. First, to explorer the users self disclosures on sns based on the dimensions of selfdisclosure theory wheeless. The necessity of client selfdisclosure in counseling has a long tradition, beginning with sigmund freud, who asserted that clients should disclose everything that comes to mind.
Typically, as relationships deepen and trust is established, self disclosure increases in both breadth and depth. Selfdisclosure and new communication technologies sage journals. Pdf three theories of selfdisclosure exchange steven lynn. While most therapists report that they do disclose some information about themselves to their clients, therapist selfdisclosure continues to be both controversial and nebulous in clinical theory, research, and practice. Through self disclosure, two individuals get to know one another. The self disclosure and selfpresentation views of item response dynamics and personality scale validity john a. Researchers have long suggested that there are therapeutic effects for selfdisclosure 41,43, 51. Disclosure wordpress network rutgers university school of. Whereas disclosure in the early stages of relationship development is typified by superficial information, intimate self disclosure becomes more common during later.
The books chapters explore three major areas, including the interrelationship of self disclosure and personality as well as the role of self disclosure in the development, maintenance, and deterioration of personal relationships, and the con tribution of self disclosure to psychotherapy, marital therapy, and counseling. Social validation disclosure seeks to validate ones selfconcept and selfvalue by increasingsocialapproval,socialacceptance,andgeneralliking. Selfdisclosure is considered a key aspect of developing closeness and intimacy with others, including friends, romantic partners, and family members. The books chapters explore three major areas, including the interrelationship of selfdisclosure and personality as well as the role of selfdisclosure in the development, maintenance, and deterioration of personal relationships, and the con tribution of selfdisclosure to psychotherapy, marital therapy, and counseling. Selfdisclosure and new communication technologies selfdisclosure is generally defined as intentionally revealing information about ones self to others derlega et al. The discloser and target may share or alternate both roles in the disclosure process, pointing to the role of reciprocity. The topics of disclosure range from superficial details to very private, sensitive and personal information.
Explain the connection between social penetration theory, social comparison theory, and self disclosure. Selfdisclosure and interpersonal communication social. There are degrees of selfdisclosure, ranging from relatively safe revealing your hobbies or musical preferences, to more personal topics illuminating fears, dreams for the future, or fantasies. Selfdisclosure, or the sharing of personal information with another person, is a central feature of many friendships, particularly in adolescence. A self disclosure should be in the form of a detailed letter sent, along with any supporting documentation, to the current director, office of foreign assets control, us department of the treasury, 1500 pennsylvania ave. How we share, what we share, and when we share are just a few of the factors that can influence whether our self disclosure is effective and appropriate. Social penetration theory states that as we get to know someone, we engage in a reciprocal process of selfdisclosure that changes in breadth and depth and affects how a relationship develops. Because the linkage between selfdisclosure and romantic relationships serves as a key variable in this study, it is beneficial to understand this theory and how it relates to online dating to help provide background knowledge of this variable. Meissners position on selfdisclosure, though seemingly conservative as it called for continued neutralityremnants of freuds perspective p. This theory claims that by gradually revealing emotions and experiences and listening to their reciprocal sharing, people gain a greater understanding of each other and display trust. Another web critique of the johari model is provide by.
How we share, what we share, and when we share are just a few of the factors that can influence whether our selfdisclosure is effective and appropriate. Discuss the process of self disclosure, including how we make decisions about what, where, when, and how to disclose. Adolescents online selfdisclosure and selfpresentation. Unlike many other theories of psychotherapy, feminist therapy theory has from its inception promulgated the idea that self disclosure by the therapist may be a valuable part of the therapy process greenspan, 1986. Selfdisclosure is the act of revealing details about ourselves to others. While certain circumstances can lead to a rapid increase in the depth andor breadth of selfdisclosure, the theory states that in most relationships people. Utilizing communication privacy management cpm theory, this article proposes a framework for ongoing consideration of how selfdisclosure and privacy. Extending the functional approach to disclosure motivations and characteristics on social network sites1 natalya n.
Selfdisclosure refers to the process of revealing personal, intimate information about oneself to others. This article is an effort to integrate contemporary psychoanalytic and existential perspectives on intentional therapist self. Selfdisclosures increase attraction psychology today. The study examined three theories and a model that focus on selfdisclosure and development of human relationship. Self disclosure is a central concept in social penetration theory proposed by altman and taylor 1973. The selfdisclosure and selfpresentation views of item. The johari window model a simple and useful tool for understanding and training self awareness, personal development, improving communications, interpersonal relationships, group. Typically, as relationships deepen and trust is established, selfdisclosure increases in both breadth and depth.
Self disclosure is a remarkably complex communication process that has a powerful impact on how our relationships with others form, progress, and endure. The theory also treats disclosure as a linear process, but disclosure likely follows a nonlinear pattern that varies based on stage of the relationship. Parental behaviors related to adolescents selfdisclosure. Whereas disclosure in the early stages of relationship development is typified by superficial information, intimate selfdisclosure becomes more common during later. Social penetration theory explains how selfdisclosure takes place between individuals. Altman and taylor 1973 first described the process of. They will determine the kinds of relationships the person has with others. Self disclosure involves sharing personal information with someone else. Johnson johns hopkins university this study investigates whether objective selfreport measures of personality are better regarded as sources of factual information about the self i. Because the linkage between self disclosure and romantic relationships serves as a key variable in this study, it is beneficial to understand this theory and how it relates to online dating to help provide background knowledge of this variable. Decisions about selfdisclosurewhether to reveal ones thoughts, feel ings, or past experiences to another person, or the level of intimacy of such disclosureare part of the everyday life of most persons.
A very significant form of interpersonal communication that validate selfworth and personal identity is selfdisclosure. Selfdisclosure theory, research, and therapy valerian j. Selfdisclosure is a remarkably complex communication process that has a powerful impact on how our relationships with others form, progress, and endure. Self disclosure takes place in any type of communication even if its acknowledge or not. Self disclosure definition self disclosure refers to the process of revealing personal, intimate information about oneself to others. Altman and taylor 1973 first described the process of self disclosure as peeling. Selfdisclosure is a form of communication that i struggle with personally. Selfdisclosure refers to the verbal disclosure of personally sensitive information by client or counselor, and may involve disclosure about actions, thoughts, or feelings.
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